- Meenakshi Arora Ph. D.arormx at UPMC dot EDU
- Galet Colette Ph. D.cogalet at gmail dot comUniversité de Californie à Los Angeles, États-Unis
La culture cellulaire est devenue une des techniques les plus utilisées en Sciences de la vie et représente le terme général utilisé lorsque des cellules, tissus, organes d’un animal ou d’une plante sont retirés et placés dans un environnement artificiel propice à la croissance. Les conditions principales pour permettre aux cellules de se diviser de manière optimale incluent: une température contrôlée, un substrat adapté pour l’adhésion des cellules, un milieu de culture approprié et un incubateur permettant le maintien d’un pH et de l’osmolarité corrects. L’étape la plus importante en culture cellulaire animale est la sélection d’un milieu de culture approprié pour la culture in vitro. Un milieu de culture est un liquide ou un gel conçu pour permettre la croissance de microorganismes, de cellules ou de petites plantes. Le milieu de culture est le facteur le plus complexe et le plus important pour le contrôle de la croissance cellulaire optimale. Le milieu de culture contient généralement la source d’énergie appropriée aux cellules et des composés qui régulent le cycle cellulaire. Un milieu de culture typique est composé d’un complément d’acides aminés, vitamines, sels minéraux, glucose et de sérum comme source de facteurs de croissance, hormones, et facteurs d’adhésion. En plus de l’apport de nutrients, le milieu de culture permet aussi le maintien du pH et de l’osmolarité du système de culture.
Les cellules animales peuvent être cultivées en utilisant soit un milieu complètement naturel ou un milieu synthétique complété par des produits naturels.
Un milieu naturel est constitué uniquement de fluides biologiques d’origine naturelle. Le milieu naturel est très utile et convient à une large gamme de culture de cellules animales. Mais le désavantage majeur de l’utilisation de milieux naturels est le manque de reproductibilité car la composition exacte de ces milieux naturels n’est généralement pas connue.
Les milieux artificiels ou synthétiques sont préparés artificiellement par addition de plusieurs nutrients (organiques et inorganiques), de vitamines, de sels, d’O2 et de CO2, de protéines sériques, de carbohydrates et de cofacteurs [1]. Différents milieux artificiels ont été développés pour les raisons suivantes:
- Survie immédiate (solution saline équilibrée avec un pH et une osmolarité spécifique)
- Survie prolongée (solution saline équilibrée supplémentée avec des formulations variées de composés organiques et//ou de sérum)
- Croissance indéfinie
- Fonctions spécialisées.
Les différents milieux artificiels développés pour la culture cellulaire peuvent être groupés dans les quatre catégories suivantes:
Milieux définis chimiquement: Ces milieux contiennent des composés inorganiques ultra purs sans contamination et des ingrédients organiques. Ils peuvent aussi contenir des additifs protéiques purs tels que des facteurs de croissance [7]. Ces constituants sont produits en bactéries ou en levures par génie génétique avec addition de vitamines, cholestérol, acides aminés spécifiques et acides gras [8].
Plusieurs types de milieux naturels et artificiels sont décrits dans la table I.
Type de milieu | Exemples | Usages | |
---|---|---|---|
Milieux naturels | Fluides biologiques | plasma, sérum, lymphe, sérum de de corde ombilicale humaine, fluide amniotique | |
extraits de tissus | Extrait de foie, spleen, tumeurs, leucocytes et moelle osseuse, extrait d’embryons bovin et/ou de poulet | ||
caillots | coagulants ou caillots plasmatiques | ||
Milieux artificiels | solutions salines équilibrées | PBS, DPBS, HBSS, EBSS | Forment la base de milieux plus complexes |
Milieux de base | MEM DMEM | culture primaire et diploïde | |
Milieux complexes | RPMI-1640, IMDM | Supportent la culture d’une grande variété de cellules mammaliennes |
Les milieux de culture contiennent un mélange d’acides aminés, glucose, sels, vitamines et autres nutrients et sont disponibles chez de nombreux fournisseurs soit sous forme de poudre soit sous forme liquide [Freshney RI. Culture of animal cells: A manual of basic technique. 5th ed. New York: Wiley; 2005] [Freshney RI. Basic principles of cell culture. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons; 2006] [Ham RG, MeKeehan WL. Nutrional requirements for clonal growth of nontransformed cells. Dans: Katsuta H, editor. Nutrional requirements of cultured cells. Baltimore: University Park Press; 1978] [12] [13]. Les besoins pour ces composés varient en fonction des lignées cellulaires, de ce fait, il existe un grand nombre de formulations [14]. Chaque composant a une fonction spécifique comme décrit ci-dessous:
La régulation du pH est cruciale pour obtenir les conditions optimales de croissance et est généralement obtenue grâce à l’un de ces deux systèmes tampon :
Système où le gaz CO2 équilibre le contenu en CO3/HCO3 du milieu de culture. Les cultures utilisant un système tampon naturel doivent être maintenues à une atmosphère contenant 5-10% CO2 dans l’air, généralement obtenu grâce à l’utilisation d’un incubateur à CO2. Le système tampon naturel est généralement peu coûteux et non toxique [15] [Rothblat GH, Cristofalo VJ. Growth, Nutrition and Metabolism of cells in culture. New York: Academic Press; 1972].
Système tampon chimique utilisant un zwitterion. HEPES possède une capacité tampon supérieure dans la zone de pH 7.2-7.4 et ne nécessite pas une atmosphère gazeuse contrôlée [16]. HEPES est relativement cher et toxique à des concentrations élevées pour certains types cellulaires. HEPES augmente également la sensibilité du milieu aux effets phototoxiques induit par l’exposition aux lumières fluorescentes [17].
La plupart des milieux de culture disponibles commercialement contiennent du rouge de Phénol comme indicateur de pH ce qui permet de contrôler constamment le pH [18]. Pendant la croissance cellulaire, le milieu change de couleur lorsque le pH change du fait de la libération de métabolites par les cellules. A pH faible, le rouge de phénol rend le milieu jaune alors qu’à des pH élevés le milieu tourne au violet. Le milieu devrait être rouge vif pour un pH de 7.4 qui est optimum pour la culture cellulaire. Cependant, il y a certains désavantages à l’utilisation du rouge de phénol:
- Le rouge de phénol peut imiter l’action de certaines hormones stéroïdes, en particulier, l’estrogène. Il est donc préférable d’utiliser un milieu sans rouge de phénol pour les études sur cellules sensibles aux estrogènes tel que le tissu mammaire.
- La présence de rouge de phénol dans certaines formulations sans sérum interfère avec l’homéostasie sodium-potassium. Cet effet peut être neutralisé par l’introduction de sérum ou d’hormones hypophysaires bovines dans le milieu [Karmiol S. Development of serum free media. Dans: Master JRW, editor. Animal Cell culture, 3rd ed. Oxford:Oxford University Press; 2000]
- Le rouge de phénol interfère avec la détection dans les études en cytométrie de flux.
Les sels minéraux dans les milieux aident à maintenir l’équilibre osmotique des cellules et aident à réguler le potentiel membranaire en apportant des ions sodium, potassium et calcium [19].
Comme les acides aminés sont les composants des protéines, leur présence dans les milieux de culture est donc indispensable. Les acides aminés essentiels doivent etre inclus dans le milieu de culture car les cellules ne peuvent pas les synthétiser elles-mêmes. Ces acides aminés sont requis pour la prolifération cellulaire et leur concentration détermine la densité cellulaire. La L-glutamine, un acide aminé essentiel, est particulièrement importante en culture cellulaire [20]. La L-glutamine apporte de l’azote à NAD, NADPH et aux nucléotides et sert de source secondaire d’énergie pour le métabolisme. La L-glutamine est un acide aminé instable qui, avec le temps, est converti en une forme non utilisable par les cellules. Elle doit donc être ajoutée au milieu juste avant l’utilisation [21]. Des précautions doivent être prises quand la L-glutamine est ajoutée en quantité plus importante que ce qui est nécessaire car sa dégradation induit une accumulation d’ammoniac, et l’ammoniac a des effets délétères sur certaines lignées cellulaires. Les concentrations de L-glutamine pour les milieux de culture de cellules mammaliennes varient de 0.68 mM dans Medium 199 à 4mM dans le Dulbecco’s Modified Eagles’s Medium. Les milieux de culture d’Invertébrés peuvent contenir jusqu’à 12.3 mM de L-glutamine. Les suppléments tel que glutamax sont plus stables and peuvent remplacer la glutamine pour les cultures à long terme de cellules à croissance lente.
Les acides aminés non-essentiels peuvent également être ajoutés au milieu de culture pour remplacer ceux qui ont été épuisés pendant la croissance. La supplémentation du milieu avec des acides aminés non-essentiels stimule la croissance et prolonge la viabilité des cellules.
Les carbohydrates sous la forme de sucres sont la source d’énergie majeure. La plupart des milieux contiennent du glucose et du galactose, cependant, certains contiennent du maltose et du fructose.
Les protéines et peptiques les plus couramment utilisés sont l’albumine, la transferrine, et la fibronectine. Elles sont particulièrement importantes dans les milieux sans sérum. Le sérum est une source riche en protéines dont l’albumine, la transferrine, l’aprotinine, la fétuine, et la fibronectine. L’albumine est la protéine majeure du sang à lier l’eau, les sels, les acides gras libres, les hormones et les vitamines. Elle les transporte entre les tissues et les cellules. La capacité de liaison de l’albumine en permet l’élimination convenable des substances toxiques du milieu de culture.L’aprotinine est un agent protecteur dans les systèmes de culture de cellules, stable à pH acide ou neutre.Elle est résistante aux températures élevées et à la dégradation par les enzymes protéolytiques. L’aprotinine inhibe plusieurs sérine protéases telle que la trypsine.
La fétuine est une glycoprotéine présente en grande quantité dans le sérum fœtal ou de nouveaux nés par rapport au sérum d’adulte. C’est aussi un inhibiteur de sérine protéases.
La fibronectine est essentielle à l’adhésion cellulaire.
La transferrine est une protéine de transport du fer qui permet l’apport de fer à la membrane cellulaire.
Ils sont particulièrement importants dans les milieux sans sérum car généralement fournis par l’ajout de sérum.
Beaucoup de vitamines sont essentielles à la croissance et prolifération cellulaire. Les vitamines ne peuvent pas être synthétisées en quantité suffisante par les cellules et sont donc des suppléments importants requis en culture cellulaire. Une fois de plus, le sérum est la source majeure de vitamines en culture cellulaire, cependant, les milieux sont aussi enrichis avec différentes vitamines afin d’être adaptés à une lignée cellulaire particulière. Les vitamines du groupe B sont le plus souvent ajoutées pour stimuler la croissance.
Les oligo-éléments sont souvent ajoutés aux milieux sans sérum pour remplacer ceux généralement trouvés dans le sérum. Les oligo-éléments tels que le cuivre, le zinc, le sélénium et les intermédiaires de l’acide tricarboxylique sont des éléments chimiques qui sont nécessaires en très faibles quantités pour une croissance cellulaire correcte [22]. Ces micro-nutrients sont essentiels pour de nombreux processus biologiques tels que le maintien de la fonctionnalité des enzymes.
Les milieux de croissance recommandés pour certaines lignées cellulaires nécessitent des composants additionnels qui ne sont pas présents dans le milieu et dans le sérum. Ces composants, suppléments, aident au maintien de la prolifération et du métabolisme cellulaire normal [23] [24]. Bien que les suppléments tels que les hormones, les facteurs de croissance et les substances de signalisation soient nécessaires à la croissance normale de certaines lignées cellulaires, il est toujours bon de prendre les précautions suivantes: l’addition de suppléments peut changer l’osmolarité du milieu de croissance complet ce qui peut affecter négativement la croissance cellulaire. Il est donc toujours important de revérifier l’osmolarité après l’addition de suppléments. Pour la plupart des lignées cellulaires l’osmolarité doit être entre 260 mOSM/kg et 320 mOSM/kg.
La durée de vie du milieu de culture change après l’addition de suppléments. Les milieux complets contenant des suppléments protéiques ont tendance à se dégrader plus rapidement que les milieux de base.
Bien que pas nécessaire à la croissance cellulaire, les antibiotiques sont souvent utilisés pour contrôler la croissance des contaminants bactériens et fongiques [25]. L’utilisation routinière d’antibiotiques en culture cellulaire n’est pas recommandée car les antibiotiques peuvent masquer les contaminations par les mycoplasmes et les bactéries résistantes [26] [27]. De plus, les antibiotiques peuvent aussi interférer avec le métabolisme de cellules sensibles.
Le sérum est un mélange complexe d’albumines, de facteurs de croissance et d’inhibiteurs de croissance [28]. Le sérum est un des composants les plus importants des milieux de culture et sert de source d’acides aminés, de protéines, de vitamines (en particulier, les vitamines liposolubles telles que les vitamines A, D, E, et K), de carbohydrates, de lipides, d’hormones, de facteurs de croissance, de minéraux, et d’oligo-éléments. Le sérum provenant de fœtus ou de nouveaux nés bovins est couramment utilisé pour soutenir la croissance des cellules en culture [29]. Le sérum fœtal est une source riche en facteurs de croissance et est approprié pour le clonage de cellules et la croissance de cellules difficiles [30]. Le sérum de nouveaux nés(FCS) est utilisé dans les études d’inhibition du contact car il n’induit pas une croissance cellulaire aussi rapide que le FBS. Les milieux de croissance normaux contiennent généralement 2 à 10% de sérum. La supplémentation des milieux avec du sérum a pour fonction [31] :
- L’apport de nutrients de base (en solution et liés aux protéines).
- L’apport de facteurs de croissance et hormones impliqués dans la promotion de la croissance et des fonctions spécifiques des cellules.
- L’apport de plusieurs protéines de liaison comme l’albumine, la transferrine, qui peuvent transporter d’autres molécules dans les cellules. Par exemple, l’albumine transporte les lipides, les vitamines, les hormones, etc. dans les cellules.
- L’apport de protéines, comme la fibronectine, qui soutient l’adhésion cellulaire au substrat.
- L’apport de facteurs de dissémination qui aident les cellules à se répandre uniformément dans le flacon de culture avant de commencer à se diviser.
- L’apport d’inhibiteurs de protéases qui protègent les cellules de la protéolyse.
- L’apport de minéraux, comme Na+, K+, Zn2+, Fe2+, etc.
- L’augmentation de la viscosité du milieu qui protège les cellules de dommages mécaniques pendant l’agitation des cultures en suspension.
- L’effet tampon.
Du fait de la présence simultanée de facteurs et d’inhibiteurs de croissance, le rôle du sérum est très complexe. Malheureusement, en plus de servir différentes fonctions, l’utilisation de sérum en culture cellulaire présente plusieurs désavantages [32] [33] [10]. (Table 2)
Avantages | Désavantages |
---|---|
Présence de facteurs de croissance et hormones qui stimulent la croissance et les fonctions cellulaires | Manque d’uniformité dans la composition des différents sérums |
Aide à l’adhésion cellulaire | Tests doivent être faits pour assurer le maintien de la qualité de chaque lot |
Agit comme facteur d’expansion | Peut contenir des inhibiteurs de croissance |
Agit comme agent tampon permettant le maintien du pH du milieu de culture. | Augmente le risque de contamination |
Fonctionne comme protéine de liaison | La présence de sérum dans le milieu peut interférer avec la purification et l’isolation de produits issus de la culture cellulaire |
Minimise les dommages mécaniques causés par l’agitation des cultures cellulaires en suspension |
Le milieu de culture est disponible sous trois formes chez les fournisseurs :
- En poudre: il doit donc être préparé et stérilisé par le chercheur.
- Sous forme concentrée: Il doit être dilué par le chercheur.
- Prêt à l’emploi: il peut être utilisé directement sans manipulation supplémentaire.
Le milieu en poudre est le moins cher mais doit être stérilisé [34]. Il est mieux de stériliser le milieu par filtration avant addition du sérum car la formation de mousse liée à la présence du sérum peut entrainer la dénaturation des protéines. Le sérum fœtal bovin ou équin peut être ajouté après la filtration. Le milieu devrait toujours être testé pour sa stérilité en le plaçant dans un incubateur à CO2 à 37oC pour 72 heures avant l’utilisation pour s’assurer que le lot n’était pas contaminé. Le milieu doit être conservé à 4oC. Comme plusieurs composants sont sensibles à la lumière, le milieu doit être conservé dans le noir.
Le choix du milieu de culture est extrêmement important et affecte grandement le succès des expériences de culture de cellules [35]. La sélection du milieu dépend du type de cellules cultivées, du but de l’expérience et des ressources disponibles dans le laboratoire [36] [37]. Différent types cellulaires ont des besoins très spécifiques pour la croissance, donc les spécifications du milieu doivent être déterminées expérimentalement pour chaque type cellulaire [Sato JD, Hayashi I, Hayashi J, Hoshi H, Kawamoto T, McKeehan WL et al. Specific cell types and their requirements. Dans:Davis JM, editor. Basic Cell Culture: A Practical Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1994] [38] [39]. En général, Il est toujours bon de commencer avec le milieu MEM pour les cellules adhérentes et RPMI-1640 pour les cellules en suspension. La table# 3 décrit les lignées cellulaires communément utilisées et les milieux de culture recommandés.
Lignée cellulaire | Morphologie | Espèce | Milieu | Applications |
---|---|---|---|---|
HeLa B | Epithéliale | Humain | MEM+ 2mM Glutamine+ 10% FBS + 1% Acides aminés Non Essentiels (NEAA) | Etude de l’oncogenèse et des virus |
HL60 | Lymphoblaste | Humain | RPMI 1640 + 2mM Glutamine + 10-20% FBS | Etude de différenciation |
3T3 clone A31 | Fibroblaste | Souris | DMEM + 2mM Glutamine +5% New Born Calf Sérum (NBCS) + 5% FBS | Etude de l’oncogenèse et des virus |
COS-7 | Fibroblaste | Singe | DMEM+ 2mM Glutamine + 10% FBS | Etude de l’expression de gènes et de la réplication de virus |
CHO | Epithéliale | Hamster | Ham′s F12 + 2mM Glutamine + 10% FBS | Etudes nutritionnelles et de l’expression de gènes |
HEK 293 | Epithéliale | Humain | EMEM (EBSS) + 2mM Glutamine + 1% NEAA + 10% FBS | Etude de transformation |
HUVEC | Endothéliale | Humain | F-12 K + 10% FBS + 100 µg/ml Héparine | Etude de l’angiogenèse |
Jurkat | Lymphoblaste | Humain | RPMI-1640 + 10% FBS | Etude de la signalisation cellulaire |
Les cultures de cellules primaires apportent des données uniques et précieuses en recherche, mais souvent le nombre de cellules est une limite. Pour de tels échantillons, surtout provenant de biopsies de tissus humains, un milieu de qualité est requis. La plupart des compagnies scientifiques distribuent des milieux complets, supplémentés et prêts à l’emploi. Ceci réduit le risque de contamination, le coût, l’effort fourni et gagne du temps éliminant les étapes de préparation et de supplémentation nécessaires. De plus, tous ces milieux sont sujets à des tests de contrôle de qualité extensifs et chaque lot est testé régulièrement pour la promotion de la croissance, l’absence de cytotoxicité, et les paramètres physiques tels que l’osmolarité et le pH. La table# 4 décrit les milieux recommandés pour les cultures de cellules primaires, disponibles commercialement.
Cellules | Milieux |
---|---|
Cellules endothéliales | EndoGRO-LS Complete Media Kit (EMD Millipore), HUVEC Basal Medium CB HUVEC (AllCells), Human Endothelial-SFM (Life Technologies), Endothelial Cell Medium (ScienCell Research Laboratories) |
Cellules de moelle osseuse | MarrowMAX Bone Marrow Medium (Life Technologies), Bone Marrow Medium Plus (Sigma) |
Cellules gliales | GIBCO® Astrocyte Medium |
Cellules épithéliales | Epithéliale cell medium (ScienCell Research Laboratory), EpiGRO primary Epithéliale cells (EMD Millipore) |
Lymphocytes T | Humain StemXVivo Serum-Free T cell Base Media (R&D systems), Stemline T cell Expansion Medium (Sigma Aldrich) |
Cellules souches hématopoïétiques | StemPro-34 SFM (Life Technologies), MethoCult (STEMCELL Technologies, Inc) |
Les milieux de culture les plus communément utilisés incluent les milieux suivants et sont présentés en détails par Sigma, ATCC, et Life Technologies.
EMEM a été parmi les premiers à être utilisé et a été formulé par Harry Eagle à partir d’un milieu de base plus simple (BME). EMEM contient une solution saline équilibrée, des acides aminés non essentiels et du pyruvate de sodium. Il est formulé avec une concentration réduite en bicarbonate de sodium (1500 ml/l) pour l’utilisation avec 5% CO2. Comme EMEM est un milieu simple, il est généralement complété avec des suppléments ou des concentrations de sérum plus élevées le rendant adéquat pour une large gamme de cellules mammaliennes.
DMEM contient presque deux fois la concentration d’acides aminés et quatre fois plus de vitamines qu’EMEM, de même que du nitrate ferrique, du pyruvate de sodium, et des acides aminés supplémentaires. La formulation originale contenait 1,000 mg/L de glucose et était la première utilisée pour la culture de cellules embryonnaires de souris. Une formulation avec 4500 mg/L de glucose a été démontrée optimale pour la culture de divers types cellulaires. DMEM est un milieu de base qui ne contient ni protéines ni d’agents supportant la croissance cellulaire. Il est donc nécessaire de supplémenter le DMEM pour que le milieu soit complet. DMEM est généralement supplémenté avec 5-10% de FBS. DMEM utilise un système tampon de bicarbonate de sodium (3.7 g/L) et, donc, requiert des niveaux artificiels de CO2 pour maintenir le pH. Le milieu en poudre est formulé sans bicarbonate, il requiert donc l’addition de 3.7 g/L de bicarbonate de sodium après dissolution dans l’eau. DMEM était initialement utilisé pour la culture de cellules souches embryonnaires de souris. Il est maintenant largement utilisé pour la culture de cellules primaires de souris, cellules de poulet, la formation de plaques virales et les études d’inhibition de contact.
RPMI-1640 est un milieu à usage général avec une large gamme d’applications pour les cellules mammaires, particulièrement les cellules hématopoïétiques. RPMI-1640 a été développé à Roswell Park Mémorial Institute (RPMI), Buffalo, New York. RPMI-1640 est une modification du milieu McCoy’s 5A et a été développé pour la culture à long terme des lymphocytes provenant du sang périphérique. RPMI-1640 utilise un système tampon au bicarbonate et diffère des autres milieux de cultures de cellules mammaliennes car sa formulation typique présente un pH de 8. RPMI-1640 supporte la croissance d’une large variété de cellules en suspension et adhérentes. Si il est supplémenté correctement avec du sérum ou les produits de remplacement adéquats, RPMI-1640 a une large gamme d’applications pour les cultures de cellules mammaliennes, dont la culture de lymphocytes humains fraichement isolés, les protocoles de fusion et la croissance de cellules hybrides.
A l’origine, ils ont été développés pour supporter la surcroissance clonale des cellules ovariennes de Hamster chinois (CHO). Il y a eu de nombreuses modifications à la formulation originale dont le milieu Ham’s F-12, un milieu plus complexe que l’original F-10 adapté à la propagation cellulaire sans sérum. Les mélanges ont été formulés pour l’utilisation avec ou sans apport de sérum en fonction du type de cellules cultivées.
Ham’s F-10: supporte la croissance de cellules diploïdes humaines et de globules blancs pour l’analyse de chromosome.
Ham’s F-12:supporte la croissance d’hépatocytes primaires de rat et des cellules épithéliales de prostate de rat. Ham’s F-12:supplémenté avec 25 mM HEPES permet un meilleur effet tampon.
Les modifications de Coon du milieu Ham’s F-12: ces modifications consistent à presque deux fois plus d’acides aminés et de pyruvate que dans le F-12 plus de l’acide ascorbique. Il a été développé pour la culture de cellules hybrides produites par fusion virale.
DMEM/F12: C’est un mélange de DMEM et de Ham’s F-12 qui est extrêmement riche et complexe. Il supporte la croissance d’une grande variété de types cellulaires avec ou sans sérum. Le tampon HEPES est inclus dans la formulation à une concentration finale de 15 mM pour compenser la perte d’effet tampon due à l’élimination du sérum.
IMDM est un milieu synthétique hautement enrichi, adapté aux cultures de cellules à prolifération rapide et de haute densité. IMDM est une modification du DMEM contenant du sélénium, des acides aminés, vitamines et sels minéraux additionnels. Il contient du nitrate de potassium nitrate au lieu de nitrate ferrique et contient aussi de l’HEPES et du pyruvate de sodium. Il a été formulé pour la croissance des lymphocytes et des hybridomes. Des études ont montrées qu’IMDM peut supporter la croissance de lymphocytes B murin, de tissus hématopoïétiques provenant de la moelle osseuse, de cellules B stimulées avec des lipopolysaccharides, les lymphocytes T, et une variété de cellules hybrides.
Milieu | Tissu ou lignée cellulaire |
---|---|
MEM | embryofibroblaste de poussin, cellules CHO, cellules de nerf embryonnaire, cellules de type alvéolaire, endothélium, épiderme, fibroblaste, glie, gliome, tumeurs humaines, mélanome |
DMEM | Endothélium, cellules épithéliales fœtale alvéolaires de type II , épithélium du cervix, cellules gastro-intestinales, neuroblastome de souris, cellules de la glande thyroïde porcine, lignées cellulaires de carcinome ovarien, cellules de muscles squelettiques, cellules de Sertoli, fibroblastes de hamster Syrien |
RPMI-1640 | cellules T et thymocytes, cellules souches hématopoïétiques, tumeurs humaines, lignées cellulaires de leucémie myéloïde humaine, lignées cellulaires de leucémie lymphoblastoide humaine, myélome de souris, leucémie de souris, erythroleucémie de souris, hybridome de souris, cellules hépatiques de rat |
Nutrient mixture F-10 and F-12 | Rétine pigmentée d’embryon de poulet, os, cartilage, tissus adipeux, cellules embryonnaires de poumon, cellules de muscles squelettiques |
IMDM | moelle osseuse, progéniteurs hématopoïétiques , lignées cellulaires de leucémie lymphoblastoide humaine |
La complexité de la composition des milieux de culture apporte de nombreux challenges à l’optimisation de composants individuels des milieux. Les milieux de cultures les plus classiques ont été conçus pour des cultures à petite échelle et de faible densité et requièrent souvent du sérum comme nutrient clé. Cependant en industrie biotechnologique ou il est nécessaire de maintenir des cultures à haute densité et d’augmenter la productivité cellulaire, le développement et l’optimisation du milieu de culture est très important [40]. Généralement, les milieux pour l’industrie biotechnologique sont sans sérum et ont des concentrations largement supérieures en nutrients que les milieux classiques [41] [42]. L’optimisation des milieux nécessitent de considérer les paramètres suivants:
Le type de produit exigé va déterminer la stratégie d’optimisation du milieu.
Pour la génération rapide des produits, le nombre de cellules, le taux de croissance cellulaire et la viabilité sont essentiels. Le milieu de culture doit donc supporter une croissance cellulaire maximale et maintenir la viabilité cellulaire à des densités cellulaires élevées.
Pour la production de virus, de hautes densités cellulaires sont requises mais il faut également que les nutrients soit abondant dans le milieu pour soutenir la réplication virale après infection.
Pour la production de protéines recombinantes, Une densité de cellules élevée est nécessaire. Cependant, les nutrients nécessaires pour la croissance cellulaire peuvent entrer en compétition avec ceux requis pour la production de protéines. Il est donc essentiel de déterminer précisément la densité de cellules maximale pouvant être supportée par un milieu donné pour atteindre le niveau de productivité requis. De plus, il est très important de considérer que les changements apportés au milieu pendant l’optimisation n’affectent pas la qualité du produit final.
Différentes lignées cellulaires ont des besoins en nutrients différents du fait de leur métabolisme qui conditionne les méthodes d’optimisation du milieu. Les lignées cellulaires les plus communément utilisées en industrie biotechnologique sont; les cellules CHO, BHK-21, cellules d’hybridomes, cellules de myélomes, et des fibroblastes diploïdes normaux. Certaines lignées cellulaires ont des besoins nutritionnels spécifiques, tels que du cholestérol pour les cellules de myélome NSO. Les fibroblastes diploïdes normaux requièrent des facteurs d’adhésion. Ils se développent à de faibles densités et, donc, ne nécessitent pas de grandes quantités de nutrients. Les lignées cellulaires d’hybridomes généralement dépendent fortement de la présence de glutamine Typiquement, elles atteignent une phase stationnaire après avoir atteint un pic de densité cellulaire puis leur viabilité décline rapidement. L’optimisation du milieu doit donc réduire le déclin de viabilité et améliorer la production d’anticorps monoclonal.
Le procédé de fabrication affecte non seulement le choix du milieu de culture mais également les méthodes d’optimisation. Les différents procédés de fabrication sont:
Traitement par lot: Un seul milieu est utilisé pour soutenir la croissance cellulaire et la productivité. Le milieu doit donc être riche en nutrients tout en restant dans les limites acceptables pour les cellules.
Procédé en « Fed-batch »: Plusieurs types de milieux sont utilisés durant la culture cellulaire en fonction du stade du processus. Un milieu de croissance est conçu de sorte qu’il soit pauvre en nutrients quand la densité cellulaire est faible pendant l’inoculation mais permet le maintien des taux de croissance cellulaire élevés pendant la phase d’augmentation de la culture et les débuts de la production. Un milieu de production présentant des concentrations élevées de nutrients par rapport au milieu de croissance peut aussi être utilisé lorsque la culture atteint le stade de la production.
La technologie de développement de milieu de culture cellulaire a énormément progressée durant les dernières décennies. Trouver un milieu de culture adéquat est important pour la performance de la culture cellulaire. De nos jours, le challenge est de développer un milieu sophistiqué qui peut être optimisé individuellement pour une variété de lignées cellulaires. La diversité des lignées cellulaires et l’implication d’un large nombre de composants dans le milieu rend ceci difficile. Le fait que beaucoup de ces composants soient interdépendants à cause de la complexité du métabolisme cellulaire s’ajoute à la complexité du développement du milieu.
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